Instrument Scan and Attitude Flying

Instrument scan

Attitude instrument flying uses the attitude indicator as the primary pitch and bank reference, supported by performance instruments (altimeter, airspeed, vertical speed, heading). Cross-check in a logical pattern; avoid fixating on one instrument.

Control and performance

Control instruments show immediate aircraft attitude. Performance instruments confirm results after a few seconds. Navigation instruments show position. Trim for hands-free flight to reduce workload.

Partial panel

With vacuum failure, use electric turn coordinator (if available) for bank and airspeed/VSI for pitch. Standard rate turns are approximately 3° per second. Unusual attitude recovery: nose low — reduce power, level wings, recover pitch; nose high — add power, lower nose, level wings.

Instrument proficiency

Under 14 CFR 61.57(c), six instrument approaches, holding procedures and intercepting/tracking courses within six calendar months maintain IFR currency in actual or simulated conditions.